However, it is proposed that figures tend to be construed of mixed metaphors in order to convey a more condensed and complex message. (1) Visual metaphors about Trianon are based on the same underlying conceptual metaphors as the corresponding metaphorical linguistic expressions. This paper studies the visual representation of the Treaty of Trianon by identifying the most common image metaphors related to it. These findings suggest the need for a revision of assumptions about the alleged universality and automaticity of metaphor understanding. Empirical evidence from an international questionnaire-based metaphor interpretation survey of by 2000+ respondents from over 20 different linguistic and cultural backgrounds shows as significant degree of semantic and pragmatic variation, which relates to language-, culture- and nation-specific discourse traditions. However, we may still ask whether the occurrence of embodied and personalized nation-depictions in discourse production also means that all recipients understand and interpret ‘inter-national relations’ in terms of inter-body or interpersonal relationships in the same way. Nation-embodiment and -personalization have a long conceptual history in many cultures and also figure prominently in present-day international political discourse. One of the key-metaphor complexes in conceptualizing national identity is that of the nation as a body or a person. It also suggests that the Trianon frame is still an essential part of Hungarian national identity. This conceptual history of metaphors suggests heavy conventionalization, which can play a crucial role in the survival of a certain mental image of the nation and in maintaining negative emotions about the treaty. The paper concludes that, within the public discourse on the consequences of the Trianon peace treaty, the same metaphors have fundamentally survived over nine decades. The corpus contains twenty texts, which are taken from four different categories of public discourse (political, academic, informative and media) and four time periods (1920–1945, 1945–1990, 1990–2010, and 2010–2015). The paper applies a qualitative approach to a small corpus of written texts. Specifically, it looks at whether there is a conventionalized metaphoric conceptual system concerning the treaty, which began (or was current) in 1920 and has been developing for almost a hundred years.
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The paper explores how far these changes have been conceptualized by conceptual metaphors in Hungarian public discourse from 1920 to the present day. The peace Treaty of Trianon, which was signed by the representatives of Hungary and the Allies in 1920, caused substantial economic, political and social changes in the life of the Hungarian nation.